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Charge چارج

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  There are two types of  charge  1.      Positive  charge. 2.      Negative  charge .  The electron is the smallest particle that exhibits negative electrical charge.  When an excess of electrons exists in a material, there is a net negative electrical charge.  When a deficiency of electrons exists there is a net positive electrical charge.    The charge of an electron and that of a proton are equal in magnitude. Q symbolizes electrical charge. Static electricity is the presence of a net positive or negative charge in a material.   Everyone has experienced the effects of static electricity from time to time  For example, When attempting to touch a metal surface or another person or when the clothes in a dryer cling together.   Materials with charges of opposite polarity are attracted to each other and materials with charge of the same polarity are repelled There is force acting between char...
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سوئچ کے بطور بائپولر ٹرانسلیٹر THE BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH

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 THE BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH The major application area is switching applications.  When used as an electronic switch, a transistor normally is operated alternately in cutoff and saturation.  In part  (a), the transistor is cut off because the base-emitter junction is not forward biased. In this condition, there is ideally, open between collector and emitter.  In part  (b), the transistor is saturated because the base-emitter junction is forward biased and the base current is large enough to cause the collector current to reach its saturated value. In this condition, there is, ideally, a short between collector and emitter.  Actually, a voltage drop of a few tenths of a volt normally occurs. سوئچ کے بطور بائپولر ٹرانسلیٹر ایپلیکیشن کا اہم علاقہ ایپلی کیشنز کو تبدیل کرنا ہے۔ جب الیکٹرانک سوئچ کے طور پر استعمال ہوتا ہے تو ، عام طور پر ایک ٹرانجسٹر باری باری کٹ آف اور سنترپتی میں چلتا ہے۔ حصے میں (a) ، ٹرانجسٹر منقطع ہوگیا ہے کیونکہ بیس امیٹر ...
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Semiconductors سیمی کنڈکٹر

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  Semiconductors Semiconductors are classed below the conductors in their ability to carry current because they have fewer free electrons than do conductors.   Semiconductors are characterized by four valence electrons in their atomic structures.   However, because of their unique characteristics, certain semiconductor materials are the basis for modern electronic devices such as the diode, transistor, and integrated circuit.   Silicon and germanium are common semiconductor materials. سیمی کنڈکٹر کو کرنٹ لے جانے کی صلاحیت میں کنڈیکٹر کے نیچے درجہ بند کیا جاتا ہے کیونکہ ان کے پاس کنڈکٹر کے مقابلے میں الیکٹران کم ہوتے ہیں۔ سیمیکمڈکٹرز کو ان کے جوہری ڈھانچے میں چار والینس الیکٹران کی خصوصیات دی جاتی ہے۔ تاہم ، ان کی انوکھی خصوصیات کی وجہ سے ، کچھ سیمیکمڈکٹر مادے جدید الیکٹرانک آلات جیسے ڈایڈڈ ، ٹرانجسٹر ، اور مربوط سرکٹ کی بنیاد ہیں۔   سیلیکون اور جرمینیم سیمیکمڈکٹر کا عام مادہ ہیں۔    
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