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How does Mobile phone work

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  A mobile phone is a part of our life.   But I'm sure you're curious minds have always been struck by such questions as how a mobile phone makes a call, and why there are different generations of mobile communications?   Let's explore the technology behind mobile communications. When you speak on your phone, your voice is picked up by your phone's microphone. The microphone turns your voice into a digital signal with the help of MEMS sensor and IC. The digital signal contains your voice in the form of zeros and ones. An antenna inside the phone receives these zeros and ones and transmits them in the form of electromagnetic waves.   Electromagnetic waves transmit the zeros and ones by altering the wave characteristics, such as the amplitude, frequency, phase, or combinations of these.   For example, in the case of frequency, zero and one are transmitted by using low and high frequencies respectively. So, if you could find a wa...
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کنڈکٹر Conductors

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  Conductors Conductors are materials that allow current to flow easily.   The have a large number of free electrons and are characterized by one to three, valence electrons in their atomic structures. Most metals are good conductors. Silver is the best conductor, and copper is next.   Copper wire is most widely used conductive material because it is less expensive than silver.   Copper wire is commonly used as a conductor in electric circuits. کنڈکٹر کنڈکٹر وہ مواد ہیں جو موجودہ کو آسانی سے بہنے دیتے ہیں۔ ان میں مفت الیکٹرانوں کی ایک بڑی تعداد ہے اور ان کے جوہری ڈھانچے میں والیننس الیکٹران کی ایک سے تین خصوصیات ہیں۔ زیادہ تر دھاتیں اچھے موصل ہیں۔ چاندی بہترین کنڈکٹر ہے ، اور اس کے بعد کاپر ہے۔ کاپر وائر سب سے زیادہ وسیع پیمانے پر سازگار مواد استعمال ہوتا ہے کیونکہ یہ چاندی سے کم مہنگا ہوتا ہے۔ تانبے کی تار عام طور پر برقی سرکٹس میں ایک موصل کے طور پر استعمال ہوتی ہے۔  
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سوئچ کے بطور بائپولر ٹرانسلیٹر THE BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH

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 THE BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH The major application area is switching applications.  When used as an electronic switch, a transistor normally is operated alternately in cutoff and saturation.  In part  (a), the transistor is cut off because the base-emitter junction is not forward biased. In this condition, there is ideally, open between collector and emitter.  In part  (b), the transistor is saturated because the base-emitter junction is forward biased and the base current is large enough to cause the collector current to reach its saturated value. In this condition, there is, ideally, a short between collector and emitter.  Actually, a voltage drop of a few tenths of a volt normally occurs. سوئچ کے بطور بائپولر ٹرانسلیٹر ایپلیکیشن کا اہم علاقہ ایپلی کیشنز کو تبدیل کرنا ہے۔ جب الیکٹرانک سوئچ کے طور پر استعمال ہوتا ہے تو ، عام طور پر ایک ٹرانجسٹر باری باری کٹ آف اور سنترپتی میں چلتا ہے۔ حصے میں (a) ، ٹرانجسٹر منقطع ہوگیا ہے کیونکہ بیس امیٹر ...
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